Author: Adrian Correndo

# Cate and Nelson (1971)

#### Adrian Correndo

## Description

The `soiltestcorr`-package also allows users to implement the quadrants analysis approach, also known as the Cate-Nelson analysis. This tutorial is intended to show how to deploy the `cate_nelson_1971()` function for estimating critical soil test values based on Cate and Nelson (1971). This approach is also known as the “statistical” version of the Cate-Nelson analysis. The first step of this alternative version is to estimate the CSTV (x-axis) as the minimum stv that minimizes the residual sum of squares when dividing data points in two classes (lower or greater than the CSTV) without using an arbitrary ry value. This refined version does not constrains the model performance (measured with the coefficient of determination -R2-) but the user has no control on the ry level for the CSTV estimation.

## General Instructions

1. Load your dataframe with soil test value (stv) and relative yield (ry) data.

2. Specify the following arguments into the function -cate_nelson_1971()-:

(a). `data` (optional),

(b). `stv` (soil test value) and `ry` (relative yield) columns or vectors,

(c). `plot` TRUE (produces a ggplot as main output) or FALSE (DEFAULT -no plot-, only produces a list or data.frame),

(d). `tidy` TRUE (produces a data.frame with results) or FALSE (store results as list),

3. Run and check results.

4. Adjust plot as desired.

# Tutorial

    library(soiltestcorr)

Suggested packages

    # Install if needed
    library(ggplot2) # Plots
    library(dplyr) # Data wrangling
    library(tidyr) # Data wrangling
    library(utils) # Data wrangling
    library(purrr) # Mapping

This is a basic example using three different datasets:

## Load datasets

    # Example 1 dataset
    # Fake dataset manually created
    data_1 <- data.frame("RY"  = c(65,80,85,88,90,94,93,96,97,95,98,100,99,99,100),
                         "STV" = c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15))

    # Example 2. Native fake dataset from soiltestcorr package

    data_2 <- soiltestcorr::data_test

    # Example 3. Native dataset from soiltestcorr package, Freitas et al.  (1966), used by Cate & Nelson (1971)
    data_3 <- soiltestcorr::freitas1966

# Fit cate_nelson_1971()

## 1. Individual fits

RY target = 90%, replace with your desired value

### 1.1. `tidy` = FALSE

It returns a LIST (more efficient for multiple fits at once)

    # Using dataframe argument, tidy = FALSE -> return a LIST
    fit_1_tidy_false <-
      soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(data = data_1,
                                     ry = RY,
                                     stv = STV,
                                     tidy = FALSE)
    #> Warning in stats::chisq.test(data.frame(row.1, row.2)): Chi-squared
    #> approximation may be incorrect

    utils::head(fit_1_tidy_false)
    #> $n
    #> [1] 15
    #>
    #> $CRYV
    #> [1] 86.5
    #>
    #> $CSTV
    #> [1] 3.5
    #>
    #> $R2
    #> [1] 0.6942517
    #>
    #> $AIC
    #> [1] 97.24281
    #>
    #> $BIC
    #> [1] 99.36696

### 1.2. `tidy` = TRUE

It returns a data.frame (more organized results)

    # Using dataframe argument, tidy = FALSE -> return a LIST
    fit_1_tidy_true <-
      soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(data = data_1,
                                     ry = RY,
                                     stv = STV,
                                     tidy = TRUE)
    #> Warning in stats::chisq.test(data.frame(row.1, row.2)): Chi-squared
    #> approximation may be incorrect

    utils::head(fit_1_tidy_true)
    #> # A tibble: 1 × 8
    #>       n  CRYV  CSTV    R2   AIC   BIC  RMSE quadran…¹ $q.II $q.III $q.IV $posi…²
    #>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>     <int> <int>  <int> <int>   <int>
    #> 1    15  86.5   3.5 0.694  97.2  99.4  5.07         0    12      0     3      15
    #> # … with 1 more variable: quadrants$negative <int>, and abbreviated variable
    #> #   names ¹​quadrants$q.I, ²​$positive

### 1.3. Alternative using the vectors

You can call `stv` and `ry` vectors using the `$`.

The `tidy` argument still applies for controlling the output type

    fit_1_vectors_list <-
      soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(ry = data_1$RY,
                                     stv = data_1$STV,
                                     tidy = FALSE)
    #> Warning in stats::chisq.test(data.frame(row.1, row.2)): Chi-squared
    #> approximation may be incorrect

    fit_1_vectors_tidy <-
      soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(ry = data_1$RY,
                                     stv = data_1$STV,
                                     tidy = TRUE)
    #> Warning in stats::chisq.test(data.frame(row.1, row.2)): Chi-squared
    #> approximation may be incorrect

### 1.4. Data 2. Test dataset

    fit_2 <-
      soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(data = data_2,
                                     ry = RY,
                                     stv = STV,
                                     tidy = TRUE)

    utils::head(fit_2)
    #> # A tibble: 1 × 8
    #>       n  CRYV  CSTV    R2   AIC   BIC  RMSE quadran…¹ $q.II $q.III $q.IV $posi…²
    #>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>     <int> <int>  <int> <int>   <int>
    #> 1   137  87.5  22.5 0.394 1056. 1065.  11.2        13    70      6    48     118
    #> # … with 1 more variable: quadrants$negative <int>, and abbreviated variable
    #> #   names ¹​quadrants$q.I, ²​$positive

### 1.5. Data 3. Freitas et al. 1966

    fit_3 <-
      soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(data = data_3,
                                     ry = RY,
                                     stv = STK,
                                     tidy = TRUE)
    #> Warning in stats::chisq.test(data.frame(row.1, row.2)): Chi-squared
    #> approximation may be incorrect

    utils::head(fit_3)
    #> # A tibble: 1 × 8
    #>       n  CRYV  CSTV    R2   AIC   BIC  RMSE quadran…¹ $q.II $q.III $q.IV $posi…²
    #>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>     <int> <int>  <int> <int>   <int>
    #> 1    24  82.4  46.5 0.707  183.  186.  9.64         0    15      1     8      23
    #> # … with 1 more variable: quadrants$negative <int>, and abbreviated variable
    #> #   names ¹​quadrants$q.I, ²​$positive

## 2. Multiple fits at once

### 2.1. Using map

#### Create nested data

Note: the `stv` column needs to have the same name for all datasets

    #
    data.all <- dplyr::bind_rows(data_1, data_2,
                          data_3 %>% dplyr::rename(STV = STK),
                         .id = "id") %>%
      tidyr::nest(data = c("STV", "RY"))

#### Fit

    # Run multiple examples at once with map()
    fit_multiple_map <- data.all %>%
      dplyr::mutate(mod_alcc = purrr::map(data,
                                   ~ soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(ry = .$RY,
                                                                    stv = .$STV,
                                                                    tidy = TRUE)))
    #> Warning: There were 2 warnings in `dplyr::mutate()`.
    #> The first warning was:
    #> ℹ In argument: `mod_alcc = purrr::map(...)`.
    #> Caused by warning in `stats::chisq.test()`:
    #> ! Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
    #> ℹ Run `dplyr::last_dplyr_warnings()` to see the 1 remaining warning.

    utils::head(fit_multiple_map)
    #> # A tibble: 3 × 3
    #>   id    data               mod_alcc
    #>   <chr> <list>             <list>
    #> 1 1     <tibble [15 × 2]>  <tibble [1 × 8]>
    #> 2 2     <tibble [137 × 2]> <tibble [1 × 8]>
    #> 3 3     <tibble [24 × 2]>  <tibble [1 × 8]>

### 2.2. Using group_map

Alternatively, with group_map, we do not require nested data.

However, it requires to dplyr::bind_rows and add an `id` column specifying the name of each dataset.

This option return models as lists objects.

    fit_multiple_group_map <-
      data.all %>% tidyr::unnest(data) %>%
      #dplyr::bind_rows(data_1, data_2, .id = "id") %>%
      dplyr::group_by(id) %>%
      dplyr::group_modify(~ soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(data = .,
                                                 ry = RY,
                                                 stv = STV,
                                                 tidy = TRUE))
    #> Warning in stats::chisq.test(data.frame(row.1, row.2)): Chi-squared
    #> approximation may be incorrect

    #> Warning in stats::chisq.test(data.frame(row.1, row.2)): Chi-squared
    #> approximation may be incorrect

    utils::head(fit_multiple_group_map)
    #> # A tibble: 3 × 9
    #> # Groups:   id [3]
    #>   id        n  CRYV  CSTV    R2    AIC    BIC  RMSE quadran…¹ $q.II $q.III $q.IV
    #>   <chr> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>     <int> <int>  <int> <int>
    #> 1 1        15  86.5   3.5 0.694   97.2   99.4  5.07         0    12      0     3
    #> 2 2       137  87.5  22.5 0.394 1056.  1065.  11.2         13    70      6    48
    #> 3 3        24  82.4  46.5 0.707  183.   186.   9.64         0    15      1     8
    #> # … with 2 more variables: quadrants$positive <int>, $negative <int>, and
    #> #   abbreviated variable name ¹​quadrants$q.I

## 3. Bootstrapping

A suitable alternative for obtaining confidence intervals for parameters or derived quantities is bootstrapping.

Bootstrapping is a resampling technique (with replacement) that draws samples from the original data with the same size. If you have groups within your data, you can specify grouping variables as arguments in order to maintain, within each resample, the same proportion of observations than in the original dataset.

This function returns a table with as many rows as the resampling size (n) containing the results for each resample.

    boot_cn71 <- soiltestcorr::boot_cn_1971(data = data_1,
                              ry = RY, stv = STV, n = 99)
    #> Warning: There were 86 warnings in `dplyr::mutate()`.
    #> The first warning was:
    #> ℹ In argument: `model = map(...)`.
    #> ℹ In group 2: `boot_id = 2`.
    #> Caused by warning in `stats::chisq.test()`:
    #> ! Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect
    #> ℹ Run `dplyr::last_dplyr_warnings()` to see the 85 remaining warnings.

    boot_cn71 %>% dplyr::slice_head(., n=5)
    #> # A tibble: 5 × 9
    #>   boot_id     n  CRYV  CSTV    R2   AIC   BIC  RMSE quadran…¹ $q.II $q.III $q.IV
    #>     <dbl> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>     <int> <int>  <int> <int>
    #> 1       2    15  95     8   0.865  61.1  63.2  1.52         0    11      0     4
    #> 2       3    15  90     5.5 0.833  91.4  93.5  4.16         0    10      0     5
    #> 3       4    15  82.5   2.5 0.751  99.9 102.   5.54         0    12      0     3
    #> 4       5    15  86.5   3.5 0.642 100.  102.   5.60         0    11      0     4
    #> 5       6    15  91.5   5.5 0.768  82.8  85.0  3.13         0    10      0     5
    #> # … with 2 more variables: quadrants$positive <int>, $negative <int>, and
    #> #   abbreviated variable name ¹​quadrants$q.I

    # CSTV Confidence Interval
    quantile(boot_cn71$CSTV, probs = c(0.025, 0.5, 0.975))
    #>  2.5%   50% 97.5%
    #> 2.000 3.500 7.375

    # Plot
    boot_cn71 %>%
      ggplot2::ggplot(aes(x = CSTV))+
      geom_histogram(color = "grey25", fill = "#9de0bf", bins = 10)

## 4. Plots

### 4.1. Calibration Curve

We can generate a ggplot with the same mod_alcc() function.

We just need to specify the argument `plot = TRUE`.

    soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(data = data_1,
                           ry = RY,
                           stv = STV,
                           plot = TRUE)

    soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(data = data_2,
                           ry = RY,
                           stv = STV,
                           plot = TRUE)

    soiltestcorr::cate_nelson_1971(data = data_3,
                           ry = RY,
                           stv = STK,
                           plot = TRUE)

References

Cate, R.B. Jr., and Nelson, L.A., 1971. A simple statistical procedure for partitioning soil test correlation data into two classes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35:658-659