# Plotting geological/stratigraphical patterns

In 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Geologic Data Subcommittee of the Federal Geographic Data Committee established the Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization. This is the National Standard for the digital cartographic representation of geologic map features, including line symbols, point symbols, colors, and patterns. The standard patterns that are put forth in this document are included in deeptime (thanks to the work that Daven Quinn put in to extracting them as SVGs). Let’s explore the functionality that deeptime has to retrieve and utilize these patterns.

Let’s first load the packages we’ll need:

    # Load deeptime
    library(deeptime)
    # Load rmacrostrat to get data
    library(rmacrostrat)
    # Load packages for data visualization
    library(ggplot2)
    library(ggrepel)

## Stratigraphic columns

The rmacrostrat package allows users to access the Macrostrat API, which includes various geological data (e.g., lithostratigraphic units) and definitions/metadata associated with those data. The package includes a number of vignettes that walk through how to retrieve and visualize various types of data from the database. Here, we’re going to be plotting a stratigraphic column for the San Juan Basin, a large structural depression which spans parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. The details about downloading this data are thoroughly presented in this rmacrostrat vignette. For the purposes of this deeptime vignette, we’ll skip ahead and download the unit-level stratigraphic data for this basin during the Cretaceous:

    # Using the column ID, retrieve the units in the San Juan Basin column
    san_juan_units <- get_units(column_id = 489, interval_name = "Cretaceous")
    # See the column names and number of rows
    colnames(san_juan_units)
    ##  [1] "unit_id"          "section_id"       "col_id"           "project_id"
    ##  [5] "col_area"         "unit_name"        "strat_name_id"    "Mbr"
    ##  [9] "Fm"               "Gp"               "SGp"              "t_age"
    ## [13] "b_age"            "max_thick"        "min_thick"        "outcrop"
    ## [17] "pbdb_collections" "pbdb_occurrences" "lith"             "environ"
    ## [21] "econ"             "measure"          "notes"            "color"
    ## [25] "text_color"       "t_int_id"         "t_int_name"       "t_int_age"
    ## [29] "t_prop"           "units_above"      "b_int_id"         "b_int_name"
    ## [33] "b_int_age"        "b_prop"           "units_below"      "strat_name_long"
    ## [37] "refs"             "clat"             "clng"             "t_plat"
    ## [41] "t_plng"           "b_plat"           "b_plng"
    nrow(san_juan_units)
    ## [1] 17

### Plot stratigraphic column

We now have information for each of the 17 Cretaceous geologic units contained within the San Juan Basin, including the age of the top and bottom of each, which is what we will use to plot our stratigraphic column. We’ll follow the rmacrostrat vignette to plot the stratigraphic column:

    # Specify x_min and x_max in dataframe
    san_juan_units$x_min <- 0
    san_juan_units$x_max <- 1
    # Tweak values for overlapping units
    san_juan_units$x_max[10] <- 0.5
    san_juan_units$x_min[11] <- 0.5

    # Add midpoint age for plotting
    san_juan_units$m_age <- (san_juan_units$b_age + san_juan_units$t_age) / 2

    ggplot(san_juan_units, aes(ymin = b_age, ymax = t_age,
                               xmin = x_min, xmax = x_max)) +
      # Plot units, colored by rock type
      geom_rect(fill = san_juan_units$color, color = "black") +
      # Add text labels
      geom_text_repel(aes(x = x_max, y = m_age, label = unit_name),
                      size = 3.5, hjust = 0, force = 2,
                      min.segment.length = 0, direction = "y",
                      nudge_x = rep_len(x = c(2, 3), length.out = 17)) +
      # Add geological time scale
      coord_geo(pos = "left", dat = list("stages"), rot = 90) +
      # Reverse direction of y-axis
      scale_y_reverse(limits = c(145, 66), n.breaks = 10, name = "Time (Ma)") +
      # Remove x-axis guide and title
      scale_x_continuous(NULL, guide = NULL) +
      # Choose theme and font size
      theme_classic(base_size = 14) +
      # Make tick labels black
      theme(axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"))

### Use stratigraphic patterns

Isn’t that snazzy! You’ll see that we used the colors that come straight from Macrostrat (i.e., the “color” column) to visualize the different units. Presumably these colors represent something about the different lithologies of the units. However, we could also represent these lithologies with our standardized FGDC patterns. First, we’ll need to get the lithology definitions from Macrostrat, which includes the FGDC pattern codes:

    # Get lithology definitions
    liths <- def_lithologies()
    head(liths)
    ##   lith_id          name          type          group       class   color fill
    ## 1       1 siliciclastic siliciclastic                sedimentary #FFF400  670
    ## 2       2        gravel siliciclastic unconsolidated sedimentary #FFAB00  601
    ## 3       3          sand siliciclastic unconsolidated sedimentary #FFCA00  607
    ## 4       4          silt siliciclastic unconsolidated sedimentary #919AA3  619
    ## 5       5           mud siliciclastic unconsolidated sedimentary #A7ACB0  641
    ## 6       6     claystone siliciclastic       mudrocks sedimentary #B2B5B7  620
    ##   t_units
    ## 1     347
    ## 2    1302
    ## 3   12602
    ## 4    9790
    ## 5    8473
    ## 6    5660

In this output, the “fill” column corresponds to the FGDC pattern code for each lithology. Now, we need to figure out the lithology of each of our San Juan units. However, you’ll notice that some units have multiple lithologies:

    # Count lithologies for each unit
    sapply(san_juan_units$lith, nrow)
    ##  [1] 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 3
    # Inspect one with multiple rows
    san_juan_units$lith[16]
    ## [[1]]
    ##         atts      name   prop lith_id            type       class
    ## 1                shale 0.0714       8   siliciclastic sedimentary
    ## 2            quartzite 0.3571      85 metasedimentary metamorphic
    ## 3            sandstone 0.3571      10   siliciclastic sedimentary
    ## 4        red claystone 0.0714       6   siliciclastic sedimentary
    ## 5 calcareous      clay 0.0714      93   siliciclastic sedimentary
    ## 6 calcareous      clay 0.0714      93   siliciclastic sedimentary

That’s a lot of different lithologies for this single unit! We could theoretically represent all of the lithologies, but let’s just go ahead and extract the primary lithology, or the one with the highest “prop” value (i.e., proportion of unit):

    # Get the primary lithology for each unit
    san_juan_units$lith_prim <- sapply(san_juan_units$lith, function(df) {
      df$name[which.max(df$prop)]
    })
    table(san_juan_units$lith_prim)
    ##
    ## conglomerate    graywacke  litharenite    quartzite    sandstone        shale
    ##            1            1            1            1            6            7

Now that we’ve assigned a primary lithology to each unit, we can assign an FGDC pattern code to each unit:

    # Assign pattern code
    san_juan_units$pattern <- factor(liths$fill[match(san_juan_units$lith_prim, liths$name)])
    table(san_juan_units$pattern, exclude = NULL)
    ##
    ## 602 607 620 654 702
    ##   1   6   7   2   1

Excellent, we now have a pattern code for each unit! Now we can go ahead and use these instead of the colors for the fills of the units. In order to convert the codes to visual patterns, we’ll need to move the `fill` argument to a call to `aes()` and we’ll need to add a call to `scale_fill_geopattern()`:

    # Plot with pattern fills
    ggplot(san_juan_units, aes(ymin = b_age, ymax = t_age,
                               xmin = x_min, xmax = x_max)) +
      # Plot units, patterned by rock type
      geom_rect(aes(fill = pattern), color = "black") +
      scale_fill_geopattern() +
      # Add text labels
      geom_text_repel(aes(x = x_max, y = m_age, label = unit_name),
                      size = 3.5, hjust = 0, force = 2,
                      min.segment.length = 0, direction = "y",
                      nudge_x = rep_len(x = c(2, 3), length.out = 17)) +
      # Add geological time scale
      coord_geo(pos = "left", dat = list("stages"), rot = 90) +
      # Reverse direction of y-axis
      scale_y_reverse(limits = c(145, 66), n.breaks = 10, name = "Time (Ma)") +
      # Remove x-axis guide and title
      scale_x_continuous(NULL, guide = NULL) +
      # Choose theme and font size
      theme_classic(base_size = 14) +
      # Make tick labels black
      theme(axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"))

Well look at that! Oh, but that legend isn’t very helpful at the moment, is it? Let’s go ahead and customize it to define what lithologies the different patterns actually represent. We’ll use the codes and names in `liths` to set the breaks and labels for the legend, and we’ll move it to the bottom so it doesn’t mess up our labels:

    # Plot with pattern fills
    ggplot(san_juan_units, aes(ymin = b_age, ymax = t_age,
                               xmin = x_min, xmax = x_max)) +
      # Plot units, patterned by rock type
      geom_rect(aes(fill = pattern), color = "black") +
      scale_fill_geopattern(name = NULL,
                            breaks = factor(liths$fill), labels = liths$name) +
      # Add text labels
      geom_text_repel(aes(x = x_max, y = m_age, label = unit_name),
                      size = 3.5, hjust = 0, force = 2,
                      min.segment.length = 0, direction = "y",
                      nudge_x = rep_len(x = c(2, 3), length.out = 17)) +
      # Add geological time scale
      coord_geo(pos = "left", dat = list("stages"), rot = 90) +
      # Reverse direction of y-axis
      scale_y_reverse(limits = c(145, 66), n.breaks = 10, name = "Time (Ma)") +
      # Remove x-axis guide and title
      scale_x_continuous(NULL, guide = NULL) +
      # Choose theme and font size
      theme_classic(base_size = 14) +
      # Make tick labels black
      theme(legend.position = "bottom", legend.key.size = unit(1, 'cm'),
            axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"))

### Further customization

If you use `scale_fill_geopattern()`, the patterns are used with the default parameters (e.g., line color, background color, and scale). However, if you’d like to customize how the patterns look, you can use the `geom_` functions from the ggpattern package (e.g., `geom_rect_pattern()`) and use the “geo” `pattern`. Once you have implemented this, any of the following ggplot2 aesthetics can be used to tweak the patterns. Note that the defaults for these two methods are often different:

aesthetic | description | `scale_fill_geopattern()` default | ggpattern default
--- | --- | --- | ---
pattern_type | Code for the FGDC pattern to use | “101” | “101”
pattern_color | Color used for strokes and points | original color | “grey20”
pattern_fill | Color used to fill various closed shapes (e.g., circles) in the pattern | original color | “grey80”
pattern_alpha | Alpha transparency for pattern | 1 | 1
pattern_scale | Scale of the pattern (higher values zoom in on pattern) | 2 | 1
fill | Background color | “white” | “white”

For the pattern code (i.e., `pattern\_type`), see the “pattern numbers” in the full pattern chart for the full list of options. Daven Quinn has also assembled more accessible documentation of the map patterns/codes and lithology patterns/codes. `def_lithologies()` can also be used to look up pattern codes for various lithologies (see the “fill” column). Note that codes associated with color variants (e.g., “101-M”) are supported but will result in the default color variant instead (usually black and white). Most, if not all, color variants can be recreated by adjusting the color, fill, and background of the pattern.

Let’s try increasing the scale of the patterns in our stratigraphic column. We’ll need to switch to using `geom_rect_pattern()`. Since we are specifying the patterns within an `aes()` call, we can use `scale_pattern_type_identity()` to use those raw pattern codes:

    # Plot using ggpattern
    library(ggpattern)
    ggplot(san_juan_units, aes(ymin = b_age, ymax = t_age,
                               xmin = x_min, xmax = x_max)) +
      # Plot units, patterned by rock type
      geom_rect_pattern(aes(pattern_type = pattern), pattern = "geo",
                        pattern_scale = 4) +
      scale_pattern_type_identity(name = NULL, guide = "legend",
                                  breaks = factor(liths$fill),
                                  labels = liths$name) +
      # Add text labels
      geom_text_repel(aes(x = x_max, y = m_age, label = unit_name),
                      size = 3.5, hjust = 0, force = 2,
                      min.segment.length = 0, direction = "y",
                      nudge_x = rep_len(x = c(2, 3), length.out = 17)) +
      # Add geological time scale
      coord_geo(pos = "left", dat = list("stages"), rot = 90) +
      # Reverse direction of y-axis
      scale_y_reverse(limits = c(145, 66), n.breaks = 10, name = "Time (Ma)") +
      # Remove x-axis guide and title
      scale_x_continuous(NULL, guide = NULL) +
      # Choose theme and font size
      theme_classic(base_size = 14) +
      # Make tick labels black
      theme(legend.position = "bottom", legend.key.size = unit(1, 'cm'),
            axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"))

Oh no! The patterns are more zoomed in as we wanted, but now the colors are all messed up! This is a good example of how the defaults change between the two methods. We can easily fix this by specifying our own defaults:

    ggplot(san_juan_units, aes(ymin = b_age, ymax = t_age,
                               xmin = x_min, xmax = x_max)) +
      # Plot units, patterned by rock type
      geom_rect_pattern(aes(pattern_type = pattern), pattern = "geo",
                        pattern_color = "black", pattern_fill = "white",
                        fill = "white", pattern_scale = 4) +
      # Use identity of pattern_type aesthetic to set pattern type
      # Also, substitute lithology names for codes in the legend
      scale_pattern_type_identity(name = NULL, guide = "legend",
                                  breaks = factor(liths$fill),
                                  labels = liths$name) +
      # Add text labels
      geom_text_repel(aes(x = x_max, y = m_age, label = unit_name),
                      size = 3.5, hjust = 0, force = 2,
                      min.segment.length = 0, direction = "y",
                      nudge_x = rep_len(x = c(2, 3), length.out = 17)) +
      # Add geological time scale
      coord_geo(pos = "left", dat = list("stages"), rot = 90) +
      # Reverse direction of y-axis
      scale_y_reverse(limits = c(145, 66), n.breaks = 10, name = "Time (Ma)") +
      # Remove x-axis guide and title
      scale_x_continuous(NULL, guide = NULL) +
      # Choose theme and font size
      theme_classic(base_size = 14) +
      # Make tick labels black and increase legend key size
      theme(legend.position = "bottom", legend.key.size = unit(1, 'cm'),
            axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"))

There we go, now the colors are fixed! Hmm…now it looks a little boring. Let’s go ahead and bring back those colors from before. We’ll make both the background color (`fill`) and the pattern fill color (`pattern_fill`) based on the “color” column:

    ggplot(san_juan_units, aes(ymin = b_age, ymax = t_age,
                               xmin = x_min, xmax = x_max)) +
      # Plot units, patterned by rock type
      geom_rect_pattern(aes(pattern_type = pattern, fill = color,
                            pattern_fill = color), pattern = "geo",
                        pattern_color = "black", pattern_scale = 4) +
      # Need to override the legend defaults
      scale_pattern_type_identity(name = NULL,
                                  guide = guide_legend(
                                    override.aes = list(pattern_fill = "white",
                                                        fill = "white")
                                  ),
                                  breaks = factor(liths$fill),
                                  labels = liths$name) +
      # Use the raw color values
      scale_fill_identity() +
      scale_pattern_fill_identity() +
      # Add text labels
      geom_text_repel(aes(x = x_max, y = m_age, label = unit_name),
                      size = 3.5, hjust = 0, force = 2,
                      min.segment.length = 0, direction = "y",
                      nudge_x = rep_len(x = c(2, 3), length.out = 17)) +
      # Add geological time scale
      coord_geo(pos = "left", dat = list("stages"), rot = 90) +
      # Reverse direction of y-axis
      scale_y_reverse(limits = c(145, 66), n.breaks = 10, name = "Time (Ma)") +
      # Remove x-axis guide and title
      scale_x_continuous(NULL, guide = NULL) +
      # Choose theme and font size
      theme_classic(base_size = 14) +
      # Make tick labels black and increase legend key size
      theme(legend.position = "bottom", legend.key.size = unit(1, 'cm'),
            axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"))

Well isn’t that a nice looking visualization of the stratigraphic column!